Multilayer composite transport layer, perovskite solar module, and preparation method thereof

A multilayer composite transport layer, comprising:

• a blocking graded layer, a graded layer, a hole transport layer, and a buffer layer stacked in sequence along a light incidence direction;
• wherein
• a preparation material of the blocking graded layer is a fluorine-doped tin oxide material doped with element R to replace element F, wherein a replacement ratio of the element R to the element F ranges from 1% to 100%, and the element R is at least one element of W, Nb, Ni, Al, or Si;
• a preparation material of the graded layer is NixAySizSnmOn or CuxAySizSnmOn, where x>0, y>=0, z>=0, m>=0, n>0, and A is aluminum or boron, and the preparation material of the graded layer includes at least one element of A, Si, or Sn;
• a preparation material of the hole transport layer is one of NiOx, CuxO, or CuSCN;
• a preparation material of the buffer layer is NiaEbNcOd or CuaEbNcOd, where a>0, b>=0, c>0, d>=0, and E is one element of Al, B, Si, Zn, Co, or Zr;
• the preparation material of at least one of the blocking graded layer, the graded layer, and the buffer layer is doped with a coupling agent to obtain at least one of an array blocking graded layer, an array graded layer, or an array buffer layer including the coupling agent;
• a thin film of at least one of the blocking graded layer, the graded layer, or the buffer layer doped with the coupling agent includes a plurality of array molecular clusters including the coupling agent which are discretely arranged and openings separating adjacent molecular clusters, with the openings connecting an upper surface and a lower surface of the thin film;
• the coupling agent is one of a silane coupling agent, a titanate coupling agent, an aluminate coupling agent, a phosphate coupling agent, or a borate coupling agent;
• and
• a length of each of the openings is in a range of 10 nm~200 nm.