Charge or electricity generating devices and methods of making and use thereof

A charge or electricity generating device comprising:

• a first electrode;
• an electron transport layer;
• a perovskite layer;
• a hole transport layer;
• and
• a second electrode;
• wherein the electron transport layer is disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite layer such that the electron transport layer is in physical contact with the first electrode and the perovskite layer;
• wherein the perovskite layer is disposed between the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer such that the perovskite layer is in physical contact with the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer;
• wherein the hole transport layer is disposed between the second electrode and the perovskite layer such that the hole transport layer is in physical contact with the perovskite layer and the second electrode;
• wherein the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite having a crystal lattice comprising a plurality of atoms, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of atoms within the crystal lattice of the perovskite comprise a first radioactive isotope having a half-life of 100 days or more, wherein each first radioactive isotope replaces one atom that is a non-radioactive counterpart of the first radioactive isotope, such that the perovskite intrinsically comprises one or more first radioactive isotopes in its crystal lattice;
• and
• wherein the perovskite comprises Cs4Eu[X]6, Cs4Pb[X]6, CsPb2[X]5, or a combination thereof, wherein X is one or more anions comprising a halide;
• and wherein the first radioactive isotope is 36Cl, 134Cs, 135Cs, 137Cs, 150Eu, 152Eu, 154Eu, 155Eu, 129I, 202Pb, 205Pb, 210Pb, or a combination thereof.