Photovoltaic module with optimized aspect ratio of metal grid based on surface modification

A photovoltaic module with an optimized aspect ratio of a metal grid based on surface modification, comprising:

• a front electrode;
• and
• a plurality of protrusion groups, formed on the front electrode, each of the plurality of protrusion groups comprising at least two protrusion structures, at least two of the plurality of protrusion groups forming a protrusion arrangement, a gap for limiting a width of applied liquid being formed between any adjacent two of the plurality of protrusion groups, and a height difference being formed between top ends of the protrusion structures and an upper surface of the front electrode;
• the front electrode comprises a liquid application area and a liquid leakage prohibition area;
• the liquid application area comprises a liquid, the front electrode, a buffer layer, an absorber and a back electrode, or the liquid, the front electrode and the back electrode in sequence along a thickness direction;
• the liquid leakage prohibition area comprises the back electrode along a thickness direction;
• the at least two protrusion structures are formed by induction using a laser on the front electrode;
• and a wavelength of the laser is larger than an optical band gap of a material of the front electrode and smaller than an optical band gap of a material at an interface between the buffer layer and the absorber;
• and
• the laser is absorbed at the interface between the buffer layer and the absorber, so that the protrusion structures protrude upward from the interface between the buffer layer and the absorber and pass through the front electrode.