Systems for determining glucose values based on transdermal carbon dioxide emission

A system comprising:

• a wearable device comprising:
• a housing having an internal volume and a first opening that enables passage of carbon dioxide from skin of a user into the internal volume;
• a second opening in the housing, wherein carbon dioxide passes between the internal volume of the housing and an exterior of the housing through the second opening;
• a valve in the second opening, wherein the valve is moveable between an open position in which gas passes between the internal volume of the housing and the exterior of the housing and a closed position that prevents passage of gas between the internal volume of the housing and the exterior of the housing;
• a first carbon dioxide sensor that determines first sensor data indicative of carbon dioxide emitted from the skin of the user;
• and
• a second carbon dioxide sensor that determines second sensor data indicative of carbon dioxide external to the housing;
• one or more memories storing computer-executable instructions;
• and
• one or more hardware processors to execute the computer-executable instructions to:
• at a first time, cause the valve to open to enable carbon dioxide within the housing to pass through the second opening;
• at a second time after the first time, cause the valve to close to prevent passage of carbon dioxide through the second opening;
• at a third time that is a threshold interval after the second time, determine, based on the first sensor data, one or more of a first quantity of carbon dioxide or a first rate of emission of carbon dioxide, wherein the one or more of the first quantity of carbon dioxide or the first rate of emission of carbon dioxide includes one or more of a quantity of carbon dioxide within the internal volume of the housing or a rate of accumulation of carbon dioxide within the internal volume of the housing;
• determine a metabolic value based on:
• the one or more of the first quantity of carbon dioxide or the first rate of emission of carbon dioxide,
• data indicative of one or more relationships between emission of carbon dioxide from skin and metabolism of one or more substances, and
• the second sensor data;
• and
• generate output based on the metabolic value.

A system comprising:

• a wearable device comprising:
• a first sensor that determines first sensor data indicative of carbon dioxide emitted from skin of a user;
• a housing that encloses the first sensor, wherein the housing has an internal volume, a first opening, and a second opening, and the carbon dioxide emitted from the skin of the user passes through the first opening into the internal volume;
• a valve in the second opening wherein the valve is movable between an open position in which gas passes between the internal volume and an ambient environment and a closed position that prevents passage of gas between the internal volume and the ambient environment;
• and
• one or more second sensors that determine second sensor data indicative of one or more of:
• a physiological value associated with the user, or an environmental value associated with an ambient environment external to the wearable device;
• one or more memories storing computer-executable instructions;
• and
• one or more hardware processors to execute the computer-executable instructions to:
• at a first time, cause the valve to open to enable carbon dioxide within the housing to pass through the second opening;
• at a second time after the first time, cause the valve to close to prevent passage of carbon dioxide through the second opening;
• at a third time after the second time, determine that a threshold length of time associated with accumulation of carbon dioxide in the housing has elapsed;
• determine one or more of a first quantity of carbon dioxide or a first rate of emission of carbon dioxide based on the first sensor data, wherein the one or more of the first quantity of carbon dioxide or the first rate of emission of carbon dioxide is determined based on the first sensor data in response to the elapsing of the threshold length of time;
• determine a modifier to the one or more of the first quantity of carbon dioxide or the first rate of emission of carbon dioxide based on the second sensor data;
• determine a metabolic value based on the modifier, the one or more of the first quantity of carbon dioxide or the first rate of emission of carbon dioxide, and data indicative of one or more relationships between emission of carbon dioxide from skin and metabolism of one or more substances;
• and
• generate output based on the metabolic value.