Secondary battery

A secondary battery, comprising:

• a positive electrode;
• a negative electrode;
• and
• an electrolyte liquid,
• wherein
• the electrolyte liquid includes:
• a solvent containing water;
• and a lithium salt, and
• an amount of water included in the electrolyte liquid is 0.5 mol to 4 mol based on 1 mol of the lithium salt in an operational state,
• the negative electrode has a negative electrode active material including a carbon material,
• the carbon material has a peak intensity ratio of a D band to a G band (D/G value) of 0.4 to 0.7 in a Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectroscopy,
• the carbon material has a coating formed on a surface thereof, and
• in an XPS spectrum measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, when an intensity of a peak appearing near a bond energy of 685 eV and corresponding to a 1s electron orbital of a F atom is defined as P1, and an intensity of a peak appearing near a bond energy of 532 eV and corresponding to a 1s electron orbital of an O atom is defined as P2, the coating has a ratio of the peak intensity P1 to the peak intensity P2 (P1/P2 value) of 1.5 to 3.0.