Shopping store planning and operations using large-scale distributed radio infrastructure

One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a system to perform operations, the operations comprising:

• receiving, by one or more electronic shelf labels (ESLs) in a shopping store, radio signals transmitted from a first device associated with a first customer in the shopping store over a period of time, wherein the one or more ESLs comprise a multimodal timed-slot architecture including a reception modality in which the one or more ESLs receive the radio signals transmitted from the first device for determining a location of the first customer, and a transmitting modality different from the reception modality;
• determining the location of the first customer based on locations of the one or more ESLs in the shopping store that received the radio signals from the first device;
• and
• generating a heatmap that includes the location of the first customer over the period of time.

A system comprising:

• a plurality of electronic shelf labels (ESLs), located in a shopping store, configured to receive radio signals from a first device associated with a first customer in the shopping store over a period of time, wherein the plurality of ESLs comprise a multimodal timed-slot architecture including a reception modality in which the one or more ESLs receive the radio signals transmitted from the first device for determining a location of the first customer, and a transmitting modality different from the reception modality;
• and
• one or more processors configured to:
• determine the location of the first customer based on locations of the plurality of ESLs in the shopping store that received the radio signal from the first device;
• and
• generate a heatmap that includes the location of the first customer over the period of time.