Display devices with one-dimensional pupil replication

An electronic device comprising:

• a waveguide;
• first and second layers on the waveguide;
• and
• crossed gratings laterally interposed between the first and second layers on the waveguide, wherein
• the crossed gratings are configured to receive light,
• the crossed gratings are configured to diffract a first portion of the light in a first direction,
• the crossed gratings are configured to diffract a second portion of the light towards the first layer in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction,
• the crossed gratings are configured to diffract a third portion of the light towards the second layer in a third direction opposite the second direction,
• the first layer is configured to replicate a pupil of the second portion of the light and is configured to redirect the second portion of the light in the first direction, wherein the first layer comprises a first set of volume holograms or a first louvered mirror, and
• the second layer is configured to replicate a pupil of the third portion of the light and is configured to redirect the third portion of the light in the first direction, wherein the second layer comprises a second set of volume holograms or a second louvered mirror.

A display comprising:

• a waveguide;
• a substrate having a first lateral surface and a second lateral surface opposite the first lateral surface;
• optics configured to transmit light into the substrate through the second lateral surface;
• a first optical layer interposed between the first lateral surface and the waveguide;
• a second optical layer on the second lateral surface, wherein the first optical layer is configured to redirect the light from the substrate and towards the second optical layer at a plurality of output angles, the second optical layer being configured to redirect the light from the plurality of output angles and into the waveguide;
• and
• an input coupler configured to redirect the light from the second optical layer onto angles that cause the light to propagate along the waveguide via total internal reflection, wherein the plurality of output angles lie within a plane and the input coupler is configured to couple the light into the waveguide in a propagation direction that is orthogonal to the plane.