Method and system utilizing pulse voltammetry for testing battery

A state of battery testing system, comprising:

• a charger adapted to charge and test a battery having a positive and negative terminals;
• a load adapted to be selectively coupled across the positive and negative terminals of the battery;
• a controller having a processer executing software on a non-transient memory and
• adapted to:
• applying a predetermined voltage pulse across the positive and negative terminals of the battery,
• selectively applying the load to the battery, measure current through the load,
• logging the measured current as Iexp, and establish a model based on:
• establishing an initial estimation of state of the battery (θ0) based on a set of parameters including a) reaction rate constant for intercalation (k0) for electrodes of the battery, b) average particle size of active material Rs0, and c) a Li-intercalation fraction of the electrode (Y0);
• and
• establishing a modeled state of battery (θi) based on a plurality of internal parameters of the battery, wherein the model is adapted to output a model current (Imodel) through the load disposed between a modeled positive and negative terminals;
• inputting θ0 and the plurality of internal parameters to the model, thereby generating the Imodel,
• generating an objective function (ƒ) based on a comparison of Imodel and Iexp;
• iteratively optimizing θi in a loop based on the objective function ƒ, and a gradient (g) of objective function ƒ;
• updating θi (ki, Rsi, and Yi) based on direction of the steepest descent of ƒ,
• determining if change in θi as compared to values from an immediate previous iteration exceeds a predetermined limit;
• if no, then establishing θoptimal;
• if yes, then update θ0 to θi and repeats the loop;
• and
• inputting the established θoptimal to the model to thereby predict state of the battery including how fast the battery can be charged for a target application, how much charge remains in the battery, or a combination thereof.