Piezoelectric element and actuator

A piezoelectric element comprising:

• a substrate;
• and
• a first electrode, a first piezoelectric film, a second electrode, a second piezoelectric film, and a third electrode which are provided on the substrate in this order,
• wherein both the first piezoelectric film and the second piezoelectric film have spontaneous polarizations aligned in a film thickness direction and directions of the spontaneous polarizations of the first piezoelectric film and the second piezoelectric film are the same, and
• in a case where in a hysteresis curve showing polarization-voltage characteristics of one piezoelectric film of the first piezoelectric film and the second piezoelectric film, a coercive voltage on a positive side is denoted by Vcf+, a coercive voltage on a negative side is denoted by Vcf−, an absolute value |Vcf+−Vcf−| of a difference between both coercive voltages is denoted by ΔVcf, and the larger of an absolute value of the coercive voltage Vcf+ and an absolute value of the coercive voltage Vcf− is denoted by Vcf, and in a hysteresis curve showing polarization-voltage characteristics of the other piezoelectric film of the first piezoelectric film and the second piezoelectric film, a coercive voltage on a positive side is denoted by Vcr+, a coercive voltage on a negative side is denoted by Vcr−, an absolute value |Vcr+−Vcr−| of a difference between both coercive voltages is denoted by ΔVcr, and the larger of an ab solute value of the coercive voltage Vcr+ and an absolute value of the coercive voltage Vcr− is denoted by Vcr, ΔVcr<ΔVcf−0.2 and Vcr<Vcf−0.2, where, units are all [V], are satisfied.