Dynamic control and performance assessment/optimization of secondary battery cell finishing (formation/aging/sorting/grading) utilizing simultaneous inline electrochemical methods and closed-loop process control

A system for dynamic control and optimization of a secondary battery cell finishing process, comprising:

• a closed-loop process control module configured to;
• receive in-line real-time process parameters related to one or more secondary batteries derived from at least one of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), self-discharge analysis (SDA), amperometric, or potentiometric battery measurements from the secondary battery cell finishing process;
• compare the in-line real-time process parameters related to the one or more secondary batteries against a corresponding set of pre-selected values to determine deviations in the in-line real-time process parameters;
• and
• in response to the determined deviations in the in-line real-time process parameters, controlling charging and discharging of the one or more secondary batteries during formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) of an anode in the one or more secondary batteries and a cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) of a cathode in the one or more secondary batteries, wherein the charging and discharging of the one or more secondary batteries is controlled by performing at least one of:
• executing charge protocols or discharge protocols for the one or more secondary batteries;
• terminating charge or discharge of the one or more secondary batteries;
• or
• implementing alternate charge protocols or discharge protocols for the one or more secondary batteries.