Solar cells and conductive transparent substrates for solar cells

An electrically conductive transparent substrate for a solar cell,

• the electrically conductive transparent substrate comprising:
• a light-transmitting substrate;
• an electrically conductive layer facing a face of the substrate and having irregularities at a face opposite to the substrate;
• and
• a buffer layer made of a material with a resistance higher than a resistance of a material of the electrically conductive layer and disposed on the electrically conductive layer, on the face opposite to the substrate that has the irregularities,
• the electrically conductive transparent substrate satisfying the following expression:
• 0.02≤d/R≤0.06
• at any planar position, where d denotes a thickness of the buffer layer, and R denotes a height of the irregularities,
• wherein
• the material of the buffer layer is silica.

An electrically conductive transparent substrate for a solar cell,

• the electrically conductive transparent substrate comprising:
• a light-transmitting substrate;
• an electrically conductive layer facing a face of the substrate and having irregularities at a face opposite to the substrate;
• and
• a buffer layer made of a material with a resistance higher than a resistance of a material of the electrically conductive layer and disposed on the electrically conductive layer, on the face opposite to the substrate that has the irregularities,
• the electrically conductive transparent substrate satisfying the following expression:
• 0.02≤d/R≤0.06
• at any planar position, where d denotes a thickness of the buffer layer, and R denotes a height of the irregularities,
• wherein the thickness d is not less than 0.5 nm and not more than 1.5 nm, and
• the material of the buffer layer has a band gap of not less than 8.0 eV and not more than 12 eV.