Image forming apparatus

An image forming apparatus comprising:

• an image forming section to form one or more toner images of one or more toners on a recording medium;
• a fixing device to:
• heat the one or more toner images and the recording medium based on a target fixing temperature;
• and
• fix the one or more toner images onto the recording medium;
• and
• circuitry configured to:
• receive a print job;
• determine whether a picture image is on a page in the print job;
• in response to a determination that the picture image is on the page, estimating a maximum toner overlapping ratio to be a predetermined value;
• and
• in response to a determination that the picture image is not on the page, calculating the maximum toner overlapping ratio;
• determine a target fixing temperature of the fixing device in accordance with the estimated maximum toner overlapping ratio or the calculated maximum toner overlapping ratio;
• control the image forming section to form the one or more toner images;
• and
• control the fixing device to heat and fix the one or more toner images on the recording medium at the target fixing temperature determined based on the estimated maximum toner overlapping ratio or the calculated maximum toner overlapping ratio.