Using electrophoresis for disease detection based on controlled molecular charge

A diagnostic system, comprising:

• processing circuitry configured to:
• receive or analyze data from an image captured by an optical imager, the data relating to detection of a bound complex that is applied to a substrate, the bound complex including a binder with a binder charge profile that is bound to a compound in a patient sample;
• receive or analyze data from the image captured by the optical sensor, the data including a migration pattern of the bound complex produced in response to an applied electric potential, the migration pattern generated as the bound complex migrates across the substrate at a migration velocity over a time period to produce a bound complex band on the substrate;
• determine presence of the compound based on the bound complex band and one or both of the migration pattern and a feature or characteristic of the migration velocity;
• and
• an output configured to output a data signal that includes the determination of the presence of the compound.