Wireless communications using non-reciprocal relays and spatially-fed repeaters

A non-reciprocal surface comprising a plurality of antenna elements, each antenna element having at least one tunable phase shifter for shifting a phase of a signal transmitted or received by the antenna element, the non-reciprocal surface being configured for:

• receiving a first wireless signal from a base station in a first beam direction;
• transmitting the first wireless signal in a second beam direction;
• receiving a second wireless signal in a third beam direction;
• and
• transmitting the second wireless signal in a fourth beam direction toward the base station,
• wherein the non-reciprocal surface is further configured for performing said transmitting the first wireless signal in the second beam direction and said receiving the second wireless signal in the third beam direction concurrently and wherein the first and second wireless signals at least partially overlap in frequency, thereby enabling full duplex communication.

An antenna array for transmitting and receiving wireless signals, comprising:

• an input/output (I/O) port;
• a plurality of antenna elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid;
• each antenna element of the plurality of antenna elements being connected to the I/O port via a respective magnitude and phase adjustment (MPA) module;
• a plurality of magnitude and phase adjustment (MPA) modules each connecting a respective one of the plurality of antenna elements to the I/O port, each one of the MPA modules comprising:
• a transmit path comprising a first amplifier and a first phase shifter;
• a receive path comprising a second amplifier and a second phase shifter;
• a first circulator connected to the respective one of the plurality of antenna elements, the transmit path and the receive path for allowing transmissions from the respective one of the plurality of antenna elements to the receive path and transmissions from the transmit path to the respective one of the plurality of antenna elements;
• and
• a second circulator connected to the I/O port, the transmit path and the receive path for allowing transmissions from the I/O port to the transmit path and transmissions from the receive path to the I/O port, the first circulator and the second circulator allowing concurrent emission of a first signal and detection of a second signal both by the respective one of the plurality of antenna elements.