Highly sensitive platform to characterize extracellular vesicular biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy

A biochip for characterization of extracellular vesicular biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy, the biochip comprising:

• a glass surface;
• a gold film layer on the glass surface;
• a plurality of gold nanoparticles coupled to the gold film layer;
• and
• a plurality of biotinylated antibodies coupled to the gold nanoparticles, wherein the biotinylated antibodies are selected to capture extracellular vesicles,
• wherein the biotinylated antibodies comprise antibodies against CD63 and CD9;
• and
• wherein the gold film layer is coated with a linker that is biotin-polyethylene glycol-thiol (biotin-PEG-SH) and the plurality of gold nanoparticles are a plurality of streptavidin-conjugated gold nanoparticles, such that the plurality of streptavidin-conjugated gold nanoparticles are coupled to the gold film layer by the linker.