Redox relay flow batteries and methods of making the same

A redox-relay flow battery comprising:

• a half-cell electrode chamber comprising an electrode,
• wherein the half-cell electrode chamber is in fluid communication with a reservoir;
• wherein the half-electrode chamber further comprises a shuttle material comprising one or more redox-active organic compounds (ROM);
• wherein the reservoir comprises a plurality of redox-active solids (ROS);
• wherein at least a portion of the plurality of the redox-active solids comprises insoluble analogs of the one or more redox-active organic compounds of the shuttle material, wherein the insoluble analogs comprise the same monomer units present in the one or more redox-active organic compounds of the shuttle material;
• wherein the shuttle material is configured to circulate through the half-cell electrode chamber to the reservoir to relay a charge between at least a portion of the redox-active solids and the electrode;
• and wherein
• the plurality of the redox-active solids exhibit a redox potential substantially identical to a redox potential of the one or more redox-active organic compounds.