Smooth and biodegradable nano-cellulose composites for printed electronics

A method, comprising:

• forming a composite having a first surface, a second surface, and a thickness therebetween by contacting (1) a solution of cellulose nanofibrils and (2) a porous scaffold having pores extending from a first surface of the scaffold,
• the contacting being performed such that at least some of the plurality of the pores are at least partially filled with cellulose nanofibrils of the solution and that the first surface of the composite has a root mean square roughness of from about 0.01 to about 0.1 μm,
• the solution optionally being applied through a stencil to the porous scaffold,
• optionally heating the solution of cellulose nanofibrils applied to the porous scaffold, and
• optionally compressing the porous scaffold after contacting the porous scaffold and the solution of cellulose nanofibrils,
• the optional compressing optionally involving a metal fixture, and further optionally involving a spacer sheet disposed between the porous scaffold and the metal fixture.