Quantum-particle cell with patterned transparent conductive oxides

A process comprising:

• forming a TCO layer of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) on a first surface of a substrate, the substrate being transparent or including a transparent region, the TCO having a conductivity within a σ-TCO conductivity range and a respective resistance in a σ-TCO resistivity range;
• defining a cell interior and a cell exterior by bonding one or more structures to the first surface via the TCO, the first surface extending from the cell interior between the first surface and the one or more structures and into the cell exterior, transforming Ω-TCO regions of the TCO layer so as to increase their resistivities to within a Ω-TCO resistivity range, at least one of the Ω-TCO regions extending from the cell interior, between the substrate and the one or more structures, and into the cell exterior, at least two σ-TCO regions of the TCO layer extending from the cell interior to between the substrate and the rest of the cell structure, and to the cell exterior;
• a minimum of the Ω-TCO resistivity range being greater than a maximum resistivity of the σ-TCO resistivity range, Ω-TCO regions separating non-transformed σ-TCO regions from each other;
• passivating the TCO layer;
• and inserting quantum particles or a quantum particle source of quantum particles into the cell interior.