Metal roofing shingles

A method, comprising:

• obtaining a plurality of photovoltaic modules and a plurality of metal roofing shingles,
• wherein the plurality of photovoltaic modules includes at least a first photovoltaic module,
• wherein each of the photovoltaic modules comprises at least one solar cell,
• wherein the plurality of metal roofing shingles comprises at least a first metal roofing shingle and a second metal roofing shingle,
• wherein each of the metal roofing shingles comprises:
• a first layer,
• wherein the first layer comprises a metal material, and a second layer,
• wherein the second layer comprises a polymer material,
• wherein the second layer includes a first end and a second end opposite the first end,
• wherein the second layer includes a nail zone extending from the first end to the second end,
• wherein the nail zone is configured to receive a plurality of fasteners,
• wherein the second layer is the lowermost layer of the metal roofing shingle,
• an encapsulant including a first encapsulant layer above the first layer and a second encapsulant layer below the first layer, wherein the first encapsulant layer and the second encapsulant layer encapsulate the first layer, and
• a frontsheet above the first encapsulant layer,
• wherein the first layer, the first encapsulant layer, the second encapsulant layer, the frontsheet, and the second layer are laminated;
• installing the first photovoltaic module on a roof deck;
• and
• installing the first metal roofing shingle and the second metal roofing shingle on the roof deck with the plurality of fasteners, adjacent to the first photovoltaic module, so that:
• the second layer of the first metal roofing shingle is on the roof deck and the first layer of the first metal roofing shingle, and
• the second layer of the second metal roofing shingle is on the roof deck and the first layer of the second metal roofing shingle, and
• wherein the plurality of fasteners does not penetrate the first layer.