Energy augmentation structures for use with energy emitters and collectors

An energy emitter comprising:

• at least one energy augmentation structure;
• and
• an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present,
• wherein the energy augmentation structure is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property, and wherein the energy augmentation structure comprises either (i) a non-plasmonic fractal antenna or (ii) a folded resonator having opposing electrodes with electric fields directed in between.

An energy emitter comprising:

• at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property, wherein the energy augmentation structure comprises either (i) a non-plasmonic fractal antenna or (ii) a folded resonator having opposing electrodes with electric fields directed in between;
• and
• an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present;
• wherein the energy converter comprises:
• (i) at least one of Y2O3, Y2O2S, NaYF4, NaYbF4, YAG, YAP, Nd2O3, LaF3, LaCl3, La2O3, TiO2, LuPO4, YVO4, YbF3, YF3, Na-doped YbF3, or SiO2 or alloys or layers thereof;
• or
• (ii) a down converter including at least one of Y2O3;
• ZnS;
• ZnSe;
• MgS;
• CaS;
• Mn, Er ZnSe;
• Mn, Er MgS;
• Mn, Er CaS;
• Mn, Er ZnS;
• Mn, Yb ZnSe;
• Mn, Yb MgS;
• Mn, Yb CaS;
• Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb3+, Er3+;
• ZnS:Tb3+;
• Y2O3:Tb3+;
• Y2O3:Tb3+, Er3+;
• ZnS:Mn2+;
• ZnS:Mn, Er3+;
• or
• (iii) an up converter including at least one of Y2O3, Y2O2S, NaYF4, NaYbF4, YAG, YAP, Nd2O3, LaF3, LaCl3, La2O3, TiO2, LuPO4, YVO4, YbF3, YF3, Na-doped YbF3, or SiO2 or alloys or layers thereof;
• or
• (iv) an up converter including at least one of Tm3+ doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO4:Yb3+, Tm3+, and YbPO4:Er3+ nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb3+ doped BaZrO3, Nd3+:Cs2NaGdCl6, Nd3+, Yb3+:Cs2NaGdCl6, Nd3+ and Ho3+ co-doped-based ZrF4 fluoride glasses, Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped TeO2-Ga2O3—R2O (R=Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb)3]2+ (dmb=4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine);
• and
• wherein the energy converter further comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof.