Apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment

An apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment, comprising:

• a treatment unit having a first chamber and a second chamber separated from one another by a semipermeable membrane;
• a blood removal line connected to an inlet port of the first chamber and configured to remove blood from a patient connected to the blood removal line,
• a blood return line connected to an outlet port of the first chamber and configured to return treated blood to the patient connected to the blood removal line:
• the blood removal line, the blood return line, and the first chamber being part of an extracorporeal blood circuit;
• at least one fluid evacuation line connected to an outlet port of the second chamber;
• a supply line connected to one or both of an inlet port of the second chamber and the extracorporeal blood circuit;
• a plurality of sensor devices configured to detect actual values of a plurality of parameters of the extracorporeal blood treatment;
• control unit connected to the plurality of sensor devices and configured to receive prescription values of said plurality of parameters to be reached in the patient or to follow over a predetermined treatment time and to obtain, through the plurality of sensor devices, the actual values of said plurality of parameters during the extracorporeal blood treatment;
• wherein said plurality of parameters comprise:
• a first parameter being a variation in blood volume of the patient;
• a second parameter being one of an ultrafiltration flow rate through the semipermeable membrane, a weight loss rate of the patient, and an accumulated weight loss;
• a third parameter being a conductivity of a liquid crossing the supply line or a concentration of a substance in a liquid crossing the supply line;
• a fourth parameter being one or both of a heart rate of the patient and a variation of heart rate of the patient:
• wherein the control unit is configured to perform, at temporally consecutive control instants, a control procedure comprising:
• calculating, on the basis of the actual values and the prescription values the following control values to be set during a time interval after each control instant in which the control is made:
• a second parameter control value;
• and
• a third parameter control value;
• imposing at least one of the second parameter control value and the third parameter control value during a time interval consecutive to the control instant in which the control is made such that:
• the actual values of the first parameter track the prescription values of the first parameter over the predetermined treatment time;
• and
• the actual values of the fourth parameter track the prescription values of the fourth parameter over the predetermined treatment time,
• wherein the fourth parameter comprises both heart rate and variation of heart rate;
• wherein first values of one or both of the second parameter control value and the third parameter control value are calculated on the basis of the actual values and of the prescription values of the first parameter, second parameter, third parameter, and the heart rate and, then, said first values are corrected, limited, or corrected and limited on the basis of the actual values and of the prescription values of the variation of heart rate.

An apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment, comprising:

• a treatment unit having a first chamber and a second chamber separated from one another by a semipermeable membrane;
• a blood removal line connected to an inlet port of the first chamber and configured to remove blood from a patient connected to the blood removal line,
• a blood return line connected to an outlet port of the first chamber and configured to return treated blood to the patient connected to the blood removal line;
• the blood removal line, the blood return line, and the first chamber being part of an extracorporeal blood circuit;
• at least one fluid evacuation line connected to an outlet port of the second chamber;
• a supply line connected to one or both of an inlet port of the second chamber and the extracorporeal blood circuit;
• a plurality of sensor devices configured to detect actual values of a plurality of parameters of the extracorporeal blood treatment;
• a control unit connected to the plurality of sensor devices and configured to receive prescription values of said plurality of parameters to be reached in the patient or to follow over a predetermined treatment time and to obtain, through the plurality of sensor devices, the actual values of said plurality of parameters during the extracorporeal blood treatment;
• wherein said plurality of parameters comprise:
• a first parameter being a variation in blood volume of the patient;
• a second parameter being one of an ultrafiltration flow rate through the semipermeable membrane, a weight loss rate of the patient, and an accumulated weight loss;
• a third parameter being a conductivity of a liquid crossing the supply line or a concentration of a substance in a liquid crossing the supply line;
• a fourth parameter being one or both of a heart rate of the patient and a variation of heart rate of the patient;
• wherein the control unit is configured to perform, at temporally consecutive control instants, a control procedure comprising:
• calculating, on the basis of the actual values and the prescription values, the following control values to be set during a time interval after each control instant in which the control is made:
• a second parameter control value;
• and
• a third parameter control value;
• imposing at least one of the second parameter control value and the third parameter control value during a time interval consecutive to the control instant in which the control is made such that:
• the actual values of the first parameter track the prescription values of the first parameter over the predetermined treatment time;
• and
• the actual values of the fourth parameter track the prescription values of the fourth parameter over the predetermined treatment time,
• wherein the heart rate or the variation of heart rate is acquired in real time,
• wherein the prescription values of the fourth parameter are defined by a fourth parameter band and wherein tracking the prescription values of the fourth parameter comprises:
• keeping or moving the actual values of the fourth parameter within said fourth parameter band,
• wherein the fourth parameter is the heart rate and the prescription values of the fourth parameter are the fourth parameter trajectory;
• wherein calculating the second parameter control value comprises:
• receiving the fourth parameter trajectory and the prescription values of the second parameter, wherein the prescription values of the second parameter are a second parameter band;
• determining at least a first error parameter correlated to the fourth parameter on the basis of:
• a difference between the actual value of the fourth parameter at the control instant and a corresponding value on the fourth parameter trajectory;
• and
• a difference between an actual value of the second parameter at the control instant and at least a corresponding value of the second parameter band;
• calculating the second parameter control value on the basis of the first error parameter, correlated to the fourth parameter, and of the actual value of the second parameter relating to a preceding control instant.

An apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment, comprising:

• a treatment unit having a first chamber and a second chamber separated from one another by a semipermeable membrane;
• a blood removal line connected to an inlet port of the first chamber and configured to remove blood from a patient connected to the blood removal line,
• a blood return line connected to an outlet port of the first chamber and configured to return treated blood to the patient connected to the blood removal line;
• the blood removal line, the blood return line, and the first chamber being part of an extracorporeal blood circuit;
• at least one fluid evacuation line connected to an outlet port of the second chamber;
• a supply line connected to one or both of an inlet port of the second chamber and the extracorporeal blood circuit;
• a plurality of sensor devices configured to detect actual values of a plurality of parameters of the extracorporeal blood treatment;
• a control unit connected to the plurality of sensor devices and configured to receive prescription values of said plurality of parameters to be reached in the patient or to follow over a predetermined treatment time and to obtain, through the plurality of sensor devices, the actual values of said plurality of parameters during the extracorporeal blood treatment;
• wherein said plurality of parameters comprise:
• a first parameter being a variation in blood volume of the patient;
• a second parameter being one of an ultrafiltration flow rate through the semipermeable membrane, a weight loss rate of the patient, and an accumulated weight loss;
• a third parameter being a conductivity of a liquid crossing the supply line or a concentration of a substance in a liquid crossing the supply line;
• a fourth parameter being one or both of a heart rate of the patient and a variation of heart rate of the patient;
• wherein the control unit is configured to perform, at temporally consecutive control instants, a control procedure comprising:
• calculating, on the basis of the actual values and the prescription values, the following control values to be set during a time interval after each control instant in which the control is made:
• a second parameter control value;
• and
• a third parameter control value;
• imposing at least one of the second parameter control value and the third parameter control value during a time interval consecutive to the control instant in which the control is made such that:
• the actual values of the first parameter track the prescription values of the first parameter over the predetermined treatment time;
• and
• the actual values of the fourth parameter track the prescription values of the fourth parameter over the predetermined treatment time,
• wherein the heart rate or the variation of heart rate is acquired in real time,
• wherein the prescription values of the fourth parameter are defined by a fourth parameter band and wherein tracking the prescription values of the fourth parameter comprises:
• keeping or moving the actual values of the fourth parameter within said fourth parameter band,
• wherein the fourth parameter is the heart rate and the prescription values of the fourth parameter are the fourth parameter trajectory;
• wherein calculating the third parameter control value comprises:
• receiving the fourth parameter trajectory and the prescription values of the third parameter,
• wherein the prescription values of the third parameter are a third parameter band;
• determining at least a second error parameter correlated to the fourth parameter on the basis of:
• a difference between the actual value of the fourth parameter at the control instant and a corresponding value on the fourth parameter trajectory, and
• a difference between an actual value of the third parameter at the control instant and at least a corresponding value of the third parameter band, and
• calculating the third parameter control value on the basis of the second error parameter, correlated to the fourth parameter, and of the actual value of the third parameter relating to a preceding control instant.

An apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment, comprising:

• a treatment unit having a first chamber and a second chamber separated from one another by a semipermeable membrane;
• a blood removal line connected to an inlet port of the first chamber and configured to remove blood from a patient connected to the blood removal line,
• a blood return line connected to an outlet port of the first chamber and configured to return treated blood to the patient connected to the blood removal line;
• the blood removal line, the blood return line, and the first chamber being part of an extracorporeal blood circuit;
• at least one fluid evacuation line connected to an outlet port of the second chamber;
• a supply line connected to one or both of an inlet port of the second chamber and the extracorporeal blood circuit;
• a plurality of sensor devices configured to detect actual values of a plurality of parameters of the extracorporeal blood treatment;
• a control unit connected to the plurality of sensor devices and configured to receive prescription values of said plurality of parameters to be reached in the patient or to follow over a predetermined treatment time and to obtain, through the plurality of sensor devices, the actual values of said plurality of parameters during the extracorporeal blood treatment;
• wherein said plurality of parameters comprise:
• a first parameter being a variation in blood volume of the patient;
• a second parameter being one of an ultrafiltration flow rate through the semipermeable membrane, a weight loss rate of the patient, and an accumulated weight loss;
• a third parameter being a conductivity of a liquid crossing the supply line or a concentration of a substance in a liquid crossing the supply line;
• a fourth parameter being one or both of a heart rate of the patient and a variation of heart rate of the patient;
• wherein the control unit is configured to perform, at temporally consecutive control instants, a control procedure comprising:
• calculating, on the basis of the actual values and the prescription values, the following control values to be set during a time interval after each control instant in which the control is made:
• a second parameter control value;
• and
• a third parameter control value;
• imposing at least one of the second parameter control value and the third parameter control value during a time interval consecutive to the control instant in which the control is made such that:
• the actual values of the first parameter track the prescription values of the first parameter over the predetermined treatment time;
• and
• the actual values of the fourth parameter track the prescription values of the fourth parameter over the predetermined treatment time,
• wherein, first, only the third parameter control value is imposed to track the prescription values of one or both of the first parameter and the fourth parameter and, then, the second parameter control value is also imposed if the prescription values of the one or both of the first parameter and the fourth parameter is/are not tracked correctly.