Anti-inflammatory compositions, and uses thereof

A method of treating a patient in need thereof by:

• modulating a gut microbiome in the patient,
• maintaining diversity in the gut microbiome of the patient, and/or
• increasing a percentage of Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiome of the patient;
• wherein the method comprises:
• administering a composition comprising 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) or an extract of Boswellia serrata comprising from 30% to 90% AKBA to the patient;
• wherein the composition is administered at a dose sufficient to:
• increase levels of a first organism in the gut microbiome in comparison to a subject not treated with the composition, wherein the first organism is selected from the group consisting of at least one of:
• a. a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Lactiplantibacillus, Lacticaseibacillus, and Turicibacter;
• and
• b. Bifidobacterium pseudolongum;
• and
• decrease levels of a second organism in the gut microbiome in comparison to the subject not treated with the composition, wherein the second organism is selected from the group consisting of at least one member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Hyphomicrobium, Solirubrobacter and Steroidobacter.