Electrically insulative and thermally conductive parallel battery cooling and temperature control system

A temperature-controlled power system, the temperature-controlled power system comprising:

• batteries;
• and
• a thermal transfer system, where the thermal transfer system comprises:
• at least one circuit board;
• control circuitry in electrical or wireless communication with the at least one circuit board;
• at least two active thermoelectric devices held by the at least one circuit board, where
• each of the at least two active thermoelectric devices contacts and is in thermal communication with a different battery;
• the at least one circuit board comprising cut-outs to receive and hold the at least two active thermoelectric devices;
• at least one radiator in conductive heat transfer with the at least two active thermoelectric devices;
• and
• at least 30% of the area of at least one side of each case of the batteries contacts and is in thermal communication with the at least two active thermoelectric devices.