Methods, systems, articles of manufacture, and apparatus to detect lines on documents

At least one non-transitory machine readable storage medium comprising machine readable instructions to cause at least one processor circuit to at least:

• obtain text segments corresponding to a document image, the text segments including rotated bounding box coordinates, wherein the text segments are to be represented by nodes of a graph;
• sample edges between ones of the text segments to generate a graph, the graph including nodes representing the text segments;
• generate feature embeddings for the nodes based on geometric features extracted from the text segments;
• provide the graph and the feature embeddings to graph attention layers, the graph attention layers to determine message passing weight values, the graph attention layers to enrich the feature embeddings with neighborhood nodes and a global node;
• determine confidence values for the edges based on the enriched feature embeddings;
• and
• cluster the text segments by line based on the confidence values to detect lines in the document image.

An apparatus comprising:

• means for extracting node features to generate feature embeddings for text segments detected in a document, the text segments associated with bounding boxes and represented by nodes in a graph;
• means for sampling edges to identify candidate edges between ones of the text segments;
• means for message passing to pass the feature embeddings through graph attention (GAT) layers, the means for message passing to update the feature embeddings for the text segments with information from neighbor nodes;
• means for generating confidence scores to generate an adjacency matrix for the document by determining confidence scores for the candidate edges based on the updated feature embeddings;
• and
• means for grouping to cluster the nodes based on the adjacency matrix to group ones of the nodes that belong to a same line.