Electrophotographic member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

A process cartridge detachably attached to a main body of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, wherein

• the process cartridge comprises an electrophotographic member,
• the electrophotographic member comprises:
• a support member having a conductive outer surface;
• and a conductive layer disposed on an outer surface of the support member;
• the conductive layer comprises
• a matrix comprising a first rubber, and
• at least one domain dispersed in the matrix;
• volume resistivity of the matrix is 1.00×108 to 1.00×1012 Ω·cm;
• the at least one domain comprises a domain A comprising a second rubber and an electronic conductive agent;
• the conductive layer further comprises an insulating region comprising a third rubber;
• a volume resistivity of the insulating region is greater than 1.00×1012 Ω·cm;
• in a case where a platinum electrode is directly disposed on an outer surface of the electrophotographic member and impedance is measured under an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% while a DC voltage of 1 V and an AC voltage of 1 V in amplitude are applied in a superimposed manner between the outer surface of the support member and the platinum electrode, impedance X at a frequency of 1.0×10−1 Hz is 1.00×106 to 1.00×108Ω;
• and
• in a case where impedance is measured while a DC voltage of 10 V and an AC voltage of 1 V in amplitude are applied in a superimposed manner between the outer surface of the support member and the platinum electrode,
• a relationship between impedance Y at a frequency of 1.0×10−1 Hz and the impedance X satisfies an expression (1) below:
• X
• /
• Y
• ≥
• 7.5
• .
• (
• 1
• )

An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic member, wherein

• the electrophotographic member comprises:
• a support member having a conductive outer surface;
• and a conductive layer disposed on an outer surface of the support member;
• the conductive layer comprises
• a matrix comprising a first rubber, and
• at least one domain dispersed in the matrix;
• volume resistivity of the matrix is 1.00×108 to 1.00×1012 Ω·cm;
• the at least one domain comprises a domain A comprising a second rubber and an electronic conductive agent;
• the conductive layer further comprises an insulating region comprising a third rubber;
• a volume resistivity of the insulating region is greater than 1.00×1012 Ω·cm;
• in a case where a platinum electrode is directly disposed on an outer surface of the electrophotographic member and impedance is measured under an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% while a DC voltage of 1 V and an AC voltage of 1 V in amplitude are applied in a superimposed manner between the outer surface of the support member and the platinum electrode,
• impedance X at a frequency of 1.0×10−1 Hz is 1.00×106 to 1.00×108Ω;
• and
• in a case where impedance is measured while a DC voltage of 10 V and an AC voltage of 1 V in amplitude are applied in a superimposed manner between the outer surface of the support member and the platinum electrode,
• a relationship between impedance Y at a frequency of 1.0×10−1 Hz and the impedance X satisfies an expression (1) below:
• X
• /
• Y
• ≥
• 7.5
• .
• (
• 1
• )