Studded tyre having reduced road wear

A tyre comprising:

• a tread;
• a metal belt extending circumferentially around a rotational axis of the tyre,
• a textile belt comprising a strand running around the metal belt a plurality of rounds such that the textile belt is arranged between the tread and the metal belt,
• an underlayer comprising a first rubber compound, the underlayer being arranged radially outside the textile belt,
• a cap layer forming at least part of a running surface of the tyre, and
• an intermediate layer made of a second rubber compound, the intermediate layer being arranged, at least partially, between the underlayer and the cap layer,
• wherein a first round of the plurality of rounds of the strand is spaced apart from a second round of the plurality of rounds of the strand such that:
• a first spacing is arranged between the first round of the strand and the second round of the strand in an axial direction of the tyre, the first spacing having a width of 5% to 50% of a width of the strand;
• the strand comprises fibres, the fibres having a diameter of 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, having a longitudinal direction forming a right angle with a direction of the width of the strand, and being made of polyamide;
• and
• a plurality of studs in the tread;
• wherein:
• the plurality of studs are arranged at least partly on the underlayer,
• the underlayer has a hardness between 45 ShA and 60 ShA,
• the intermediate layer being arranged, at least partially, on locations of the studs,
• a dynamic stiffness of the underlayer is at least 100% higher than a dynamic stiffness of the intermediate layer at a temperature of 0° C., and the dynamic stiffness of the intermediate layer is higher than the dynamic stiffness of the underlayer at a temperature of at least 5° C., the dynamic stiffnesses of the underlayer and the dynamic stiffness of the intermediate layer being determined according to the standard ISO 4664-1:2011 in a compression test,
• the plurality of studs include a first group of studs, each stud of the first group of studs comprising a base flange, wherein each stud of the first group of studs is arranged such that the base flange of each stud of the first group of studs comprises a portion of the base flange such that no part of the strand is arranged between the part of the base flange and the metal belt,
• at least pins of the studs are exposed on the tread, the tyre being configured such that:
• a load index of the tyre as defined in The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization Standards Manual (2023) table G.7 is from eighty six to one hundred sixteen, and
• a road wear of the tyre as measured according to the standard SFS7503:2022:en is less than the value calculatable by the formula −0.000139×LI2+0.0431×LI−1.90.