Pulsed electromagnetic field transmission for nanoparticles

A system for use with a subject suffering from cancer that includes one or more primary or metastatic solid tumors, the system comprising:

• nanoparticles comprising a magnetic metallic core and a phase-change material (PCM) that surrounds the magnetic metallic core and is configured to absorb latent heat of fusion by undergoing a phase change selected from the group consisting of:
• solid to liquid, and gel to liquid, the phase-change occurring at a phase-change temperature of 42-80 degrees C.;
• and
• a radiofrequency (RF) transmitter, which is configured to transmit energy, in a pulse train alternating between high power and low power at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz-5 Hz, to at least a portion of the subject's body, so that the nanoparticles are heated to the phase-change temperature of the PCM, and store energy from the pulse train in the PCM as latent heat of fusion,
• wherein the RF energy transmitter is configured to transmit the energy so that a ratio of a strength of the high power to a strength of the low power is 2-13.

A system for use with a subject suffering from cancer that includes one or more primary or metastatic solid tumors, the system comprising:

• nanoparticles comprising a magnetic metallic core and a phase-change material (PCM) that surrounds the magnetic metallic core and is configured to absorb latent heat of fusion by undergoing a phase change selected from the group consisting of:
• solid to liquid, and gel to liquid, the phase-change occurring at a phase-change temperature of 42-80 degrees C.;
• and
• a radiofrequency (RF) transmitter, which is configured to transmit energy, in a pulse train alternating between high power and low power at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz-5 Hz, to at least a portion of the subject's body, so that the nanoparticles are heated to the phase-change temperature of the PCM, and store energy from the pulse train in the PCM as latent heat of fusion,
• wherein the RF energy transmitter is configured so transmit the energy in the pulse train at an emitted energy modulation duty cycle of 25%-75%, the emitted energy modulation duty cycle being a ratio between operation time at high power and operation time at low power.

A system for use with a subject suffering from cancer that includes one or more primary or metastatic solid tumors, the system comprising:

• nanoparticles comprising a magnetic metallic core and a phase-change material (PCM) that surrounds the magnetic metallic core and is configured to absorb latent heat of fusion by undergoing a phase change selected from the group consisting of:
• solid to liquid, and gel to liquid, the phase-change occurring at a phase-change temperature of 42-80 degrees C.;
• and
• a radiofrequency (RF) transmitter, which is configured to transmit energy, in a pulse train alternating between high power and low power at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz-5 Hz, to at least a portion of the subject's body, so that the nanoparticles are heated to the phase-change temperature of the PCM, and store energy from the pulse train in the PCM as latent heat of fusion,
• wherein the RF energy transmitter is configured to transmit the energy by transmitting a total emitted field power of 5-15 mT, the total emitted field power being the root mean square (RMS) of each of the pulses of the pulse train.

A system for use with a subject suffering from cancer that includes one or more primary or metastatic solid tumors, the system comprising:

• nanoparticles comprising a magnetic metallic core and a phase-change material (PCM) that surrounds the magnetic metallic core and is configured to absorb latent heat of fusion by undergoing a phase change selected from the group consisting of:
• solid to liquid, and gel to liquid, the phase-change occurring at a phase-change temperature of 42-80 degrees C.;
• and
• a radiofrequency (RF) transmitter, which is configured to transmit energy, in a pulse train alternating between high power and low power at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz-5 Hz, to at least a portion of the subject's body, so that the nanoparticles are heated to the phase-change temperature of the PCM, and store energy from the pulse train in the PCM as latent heat of fusion,
• wherein the PCM layer comprises an interior portion that (a) surrounds the magnetic metallic core and (b) is surrounded by an outer layer comprising poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), and
• wherein the interior portion of the PCM layer comprises a poloxamer.

A system for use with a subject suffering from cancer that includes one or more primary or metastatic solid tumors, the system comprising:

• nanoparticles comprising a magnetic metallic core and a phase-change material (PCM) that surrounds the magnetic metallic core and is configured to absorb latent heat of fusion by undergoing a phase change selected from the group consisting of:
• solid to liquid, and gel to liquid, the phase-change occurring at a phase-change temperature of 42-80 degrees C.;
• and
• a radiofrequency (RF) transmitter, which is configured to transmit energy, in a pulse train alternating between high power and low power at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz-5 Hz, to at least a portion of the subject's body, so that the nanoparticles are heated to the phase-change temperature of the PCM, and store energy from the pulse train in the PCM as latent heat of fusion,
• wherein the PCM layer comprises an interior portion that (a) surrounds the magnetic metallic core and (b) is surrounded by an outer layer comprising poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) having a molecular weight of 20,000 Dalton,
• wherein the interior portion of the PCM layer comprises poloxamer 188,
• wherein the magnetic metallic core comprises nanoparticle-cores coencapsulated in paraffin wax comprising 24-hydrocarbon chains (tetracosane),
• wherein the nanoparticle-cores comprise superparamagnetic iron oxide oleic-acid capped superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (SPIONs), and
• wherein the nanoparticles have an average hydrodynamic diameter of 90-165 nm.

A method for treating a body of a subject suffering from cancer that includes one or more primary or metastatic solid tumors, the method comprising:

• administering nanoparticles to the subject's body, each of the nanoparticles including a magnetic metallic core and a phase-change material (PCM) layer that surrounds the magnetic metallic core and includes a PCM that is configured to absorb latent heat of fusion, by undergoing a phase change selected from the group consisting of:
• solid to liquid, and gel to liquid, the phase-change occurring at a phase-change temperature of 42-80 degrees C.;
• and
• activating a radiofrequency (RF) energy transmitter to transmit energy, in a pulse train alternating between high power and low power at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz-5 Hz, to at least a portion of the subject's body, so that the nanoparticles are heated to the phase-change temperature of the PCM, and store energy from the pulse train in the PCM as latent heat of fusion,
• wherein activating the RF energy transmitter to emit the energy at low and high power per individual pulse cycle comprises setting a strength of a magnetic field of the low power to be 1 mT-5 mT, and a strength of the magnetic field of the high power to be 8 mT-15 mT.