Toner

A toner, comprising:

• a toner particle;
• a silica fine particle on a surface of the toner particle;
• and
• at least one polyvalent metal element selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, aluminum and iron on the surface of the toner particle, wherein
• fragment ions corresponding to a structure represented by formula (1) are observed in a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry measurement of the silica fine particle,
• when n represents an integer of 1 or more,
• Sn={(a−b)×c×NA}/(d×e) and 0.05≤Sn≤0.20 where 2.00 g of the silica fine particle is dispersed in a mixed liquid of 25.0 g of ethanol and 75.0 g of a 20% by mass NaCl aqueous solution and titration is performed using sodium hydroxide, when a is a NaOH titer (L) required to adjust the mixed liquid in which the silica fine particle is dispersed to pH 9.0, b is a NaOH titer (L) required to adjust the mixed liquid of 25.0 g of ethanol and 75.0 g of a 20% by mass NaCl aqueous solution to pH 9.0, c is the concentration (mol/L) of the NaOH solution used for titration, NA is Avogadro's number, d is the mass (g) of the silica fine particle, and e is a BET specific surface area (nm2/g) of the silica fine particle,
• where in a chemical shift obtained by a solid-state 29Si-NMR DD/MAS method of the silica fine particle (D/S)/B is 5.7×10−4 to 4.9×10−3, (D/S)/B measured after washing the silica fine particle with chloroform is 1.7×10−4 to 4.9×10−3 and (D1/D) is 0.10 to 0.30, when D is an area of a peak having a peak top present in a range from −25 to −15 ppm, S is the sum of the peak areas of an M unit, a D unit, a T unit, and a Q unit present in a range from −140 to 100 ppm specific surface area of the silica fine particle, and D1 is an area of a peak having a peak top present in a range from more than −19 to −17 ppm or less in the chemical shift, and
• a total content of the polyvalent metal element is 1 to 2000 ppm measured by (a) to (c)
• (a) stirring 50.0 mg of the toner particles with 5.00 g of 6.0 mol/L nitric acid aqueous solution to obtain an extract,
• (b) filtering the extract to prepare a measurement sample, and
• (c) measuring the measurement sample using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to determine a content of the polyvalent metal element based on the mass of the measurement sample.