Pulsed-laser modification of quantum-particle cells

A quantum-particle cell made by a manufacturing process comprising:

• assembling a vacuum cell structure including a first vacuum boundary wall, the vacuum cell structure defining an interior with a pressure below 10−9 Torr, the vacuum cell structure containing plural quantum particles having a same positive number of protons and a same positive number of neutrons;
• and
• while the vacuum cell structure contains the plural quantum particles, directing laser pulses of durations below one nanosecond from outside the vacuum cell structure through the first vacuum boundary wall so as to modify a vacuum-facing surface of the vacuum cell;
• wherein the assembling includes contact or anodic bonding the first vacuum boundary wall to a second vacuum boundary wall without using laser pulses;
• and
• wherein:
• the laser pulses chemically modify a portion of the vacuum-facing surface of the vacuum cell structure,
• the laser pulses modify an electrical conductivity of a portion of the vacuum-facing surface of the vacuum cell structure, and/or
• the laser pulses remove material from the vacuum-facing surface of the vacuum cell structure.