Graphene in electromagnetic systems

A transformer, comprising:

• a first winding configured to carry a first current, wherein the first winding comprises a first conductor structure through which the first current flows and a first graphene layer arranged in direct contact with the first conductor structure;
• and
• a second winding arranged on and magnetically coupled to the first winding and configured to carry a second current, wherein the second winding comprises a second conductor structure through which the second current flows and a second graphene layer arranged in direct contact with the second conductor structure,
• wherein the transformer is a planar transformer comprising a multilayer stack of a plurality of layers with the second winding being stacked on top of the first winding in a vertical arrangement,
• wherein the plurality of layers includes a first layer stack that forms the first winding, a second layer stack that forms the second winding, and at least one separating insulating layer coupled to and interposed vertically between the first layer stack and the second layer stack,
• wherein the first layer stack comprises:
• a first plurality of conductive layers that form the first conductor structure, wherein neighboring conductive layers of the first plurality of conductive layers are connected by a respective first via;
• a first plurality of graphene layers, wherein each graphene layer of the first plurality of graphene layers is arranged on and in direct contact with a respective conductive layer of the first plurality of conductive layers;
• and
• at least one first insulating layer, wherein each first insulating layer is arranged between neighboring conductive layers of the first plurality of conductive layers,
• wherein the second layer stack comprises:
• a second plurality of conductive layers that form the second conductor structure, wherein neighboring conductive layers of the second plurality of conductive layers are connected by a respective second via;
• a second plurality of graphene layers, wherein each graphene layer of the second plurality of graphene layers is arranged on and in direct contact with a respective conductive layer of the second plurality of conductive layers;
• and
• at least one second insulating layer, wherein each second insulating layer is arranged between neighboring conductive layers of the second plurality of conductive layers.