Authentication systems and methods

A system comprising:

• a first computing device of a validation network, the first computing device comprising a first storage configured to store a first immutable token (IT) that incorporates at least a first data concerning a first characteristic of a registered virtual object, and a first processor, wherein the first processor is configured to perform operations comprising:
• receive, at the first computing device, and from a reading device of the validation network, a request to authenticate another virtual object as being the registered virtual object based on a second IT associated with the other virtual object;
• compare, at the first computing device, the second IT to the first IT;
• determine, at the first computing device, whether to authenticate the other virtual object based on a degree to which the second IT matches the first IT;
• and
• transmit, from the first computing device, and to the reading device, a first indication of whether the other virtual object is able to be authenticated;
• and
• a second computing device of the validation network, the second comprising a second storage configured to store the first IT, and a second processor, wherein the second processor is configured to perform operations comprising:
• receive, at the second computing device, and from the reading device, the request to authenticate the other virtual object;
• separately compare, at the second computing device, the second IT to the first IT;
• separately determine, at the second computing device, whether to authenticate the other virtual object based on the degree to which the second IT matches the first IT;
• and
• transmit, from the second computing device, and to the reading device, a second indication of whether the other virtual object is able to be authenticated.