TREM compositions and uses thereof

A tRNA-based effector molecule (TREM) comprising a non-naturally occurring modification at a nucleotide position corresponding to a selected nucleotide position of a reference sequence, wherein:

• (i) the reference sequence is SEQ ID NO:
• 622, and the selected nucleotide position is selected from nucleotide positions 2, 3, and 73 of SEQ ID NO:
• 622;
• (ii) the non-naturally occurring modification is selected from an internucleotide modification and a 2′-modification on a nucleotide sugar moiety;
• (iii) the TREM comprises at least 73 nucleotides;
• and
• (iv) the TREM is capable of mediating acceptance of an amino acid or transfer of the amino acid in the initiation or elongation of a polypeptide chain.