Polymorphic markers for pharmacogenetic HLA risk alleles

A method comprising:

• (a) assaying for one or more genetic markers each independently selected from rs114776910_G, rs138415245_G, rs12665140_A, rs148590958_C, and rs114716190_G, in a sample from a subject,
• wherein the one or more genetic markers are in linkage disequilibrium with an HLA allele associated with the ADR and selected from HLA-A*31:01, HLA-B*15:02, HLA-B*57:01, and HLA-B*58:01;
• (b) assessing a risk of adverse drug reaction (ADR) in the subject in response to a drug associated with the ADR,
• wherein an elevated risk is assessed when the one or more genetic markers are present in the sample and an average risk is assessed when the one or more genetic markers are absent from the sample,
• wherein the assessing comprises detecting a presence or absence of the HLA allele in the subject based on the one or more genetic markers,
• wherein the detecting has a positive predictive value of at least 0.92 and a negative predictive value of at least 0.99 across a set of multi-ethnic populations,
• wherein the set of multi-ethnic populations comprises an African American population, a European population, a Hispanic population, an East Asian population, and a South Asian population;
• and
• (c) administering the drug to the subject when an average risk of the ADR is assessed in the subject, or declining to administer the drug to the subject when an elevated risk of the ADR is assessed in the subject;
• wherein the drug is capable of treating a disease or condition of the subject;
• and
• wherein the disease or condition of the subject comprises human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), epilepsy, gout, neuropathic pain, a mood disorder, anxiety, kidney stones, or chemotherapy side effects.