Performing authentication

A system for utilizing a computer-readable tamper-evident log to manage an action to be performed by at least one computing device, the tamper-evident log accessible via at least one network interface that is communicatively coupled to a communications network, the system comprising:

• one or more processors configured to:
• generate an attestation value for the action with a cryptographic digital signature function;
• transmit information about the action to at least one node on the network, the information corresponding to the attestation value;
• and
• a memory, coupled to the one or more processors, for storing computer program instructions to be executed by the one or more processors;
• wherein:
• before the action is allowed to be performed, the tamper-evident log is updated by appending the information about the action to the tamper-evident log, the attestation value based at least in part on the action to be performed;
• after the information about the action has been appended to the tamper-evident log, the action is caused to be performed;
• and
• tampering of the tamper-evident log is detectable by performing a verification using the information about the action and the attestation value for the action.