Pneumatic tire for a vehicle

A pneumatic tire for a vehicle, the tire comprising:

• at least one surface element formed on an outer face of the tire and has a contrast structure that contrasts with a base level and gives the surface element a roughness,
• wherein the contrast structure is formed by a plurality of contrast structure cells that coincide in shape in plan view and are joined together in the form of a grid, with each contrast structure cell constituting a unit cell of the grid,
• wherein the contrast structure cells have peak structures and trough structures, each of the peak and trough structures running over the contrast structure cell asymmetrically and non-uniformly when viewed in plan view, such that the peak and trough structures together form an irregular surface-covering configuration within each contrast structure cell when viewed in plan view,
• wherein the peak structures further provide irregularity by changing elevations relative to the base level as the peak structures run over the contrast structure cell;
• wherein, in cross-section perpendicular to the base level (NB), each contrast structure cell has a height profile with multiple local maxima (P max) at the peak structures and multiple local minima (P min) at the trough structures, wherein the height profile has at least one height difference (Δh) in a range from 80 μm to 300 μm, as measured perpendicular to the base level (NB) from a height of at least one of the local minima (P min) at a respective trough structure to a height of at least one of the local maxima (P max) at a peak structure adjacent to that respective trough structure;
• wherein, when viewed in plan view, the irregular surface-covering configuration formed by the peak and trough structures in each contrast structure cell is repeated by translation congruence mapping across the grid of the contrast structure, so that the irregular surface-covering configuration within each contrast structure cell in the grid has the same orientation as each other;
• wherein the contrast structure, has valleys which extend along mutual connection points of the contrast structure cells to delineate the contrast structure cells;
• and
• wherein the contrast structure cells have an edge length measured between the valleys of 0.8 mm to 1.5 mm.