Toner, developer, toner storage unit, image forming apparatus, and image forming method

A toner, comprising:

• toner base particles, each including a binder resin, a colorant, and inorganic filler,
• wherein an atomic concentration % of Al in the toner base particles as measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) is 0.35 or greater but 0.85 or less, and
• wherein the toner satisfies
• 0.8<(M1/M2)/(M3/M4)<1.2
• where M1 is an atomic concentration % of Al in the toner base particles as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), M2 is the atomic concentration % of Al in the toner base particles as measured by XRF, and M3 is an atomic concentration % of Al in particles as measured by XPS, and M4 is an atomic concentration % of Al in the particles as measured by XRF, where the particles are particles obtained by classifying the toner base particles into 6/5Dv, and Dv is a volume average particle diameter of the toner base particles;
• and
• wherein the binder resin comprises a crystalline polyester resin and an amount of the crystalline polyester resin is from 3 parts by mass through 20 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the toner.