Non-invasive bladder cancer detection system via liquid and gaseous phase analysis

A system for detecting a disease state comprising:

• a container, the container comprising a plunger and a barrel, the barrel adapted to contain a liquid biological sample of a subject, the barrel defining a headspace comprising a volume of a gas;
• a chemical sensor element positioned on the plunger, the chemical sensor configured to be contacted with the gas from the headspace above the liquid biological sample, the chemical sensor element comprising a plurality of discrete graphene varactors, wherein each of the plurality of discrete graphene varactors is configured to detect one or more biomarkers of the disease state;
• and
• a sensing device configured to interface with the chemical sensor element, the sensing device further configured to sense a capacitance of the plurality of discrete graphene varactors in response to binding by the one or more biomarkers.