Devices including particles coupled to electrodes, and methods of making and using the same

A device comprising:

• a first electrode;
• a second electrode separated from the first electrode by a gap;
• a particle coupled to the first electrode via a first plurality of bonds, each bond of the first plurality of bonds disposed between the particle and the first electrode, and coupled to the second electrode via a second plurality of bonds, each bond of the second plurality of bonds disposed between the particle and the second electrode;
• a polymerase coupled to the particle;
• a bridge defined by the particle, the first plurality of bonds and the second plurality of bonds disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and having an electrical conductivity;
• wherein the particle, or one or more bonds of the first plurality of bonds, or one or more bonds of the second plurality of bonds comprises a functional group configured to transiently alter the electrical conductivity of the bridge by transiently interacting with a label.