Methods for achieving an isolated electrical interface between an anterior surface of a microneedle structure and a posterior surface of a support structure

A biosensor, comprising:

• a substrate comprising a semiconductor;
• a plurality of microneedles, each microneedle having a first portion within the substrate and a second portion extending from an anterior surface of the substrate, the second portion of each microneedle comprising a body and a penetrating end of the microneedle;
• a plurality of electrical contacts, each electrical contact located on the penetrating end of a respective microneedle of the plurality of microneedles;
• and
• a plurality of electrically insulative barriers, each electrically insulative barrier surrounding the first portion and the second portion of a respective microneedle of the plurality of microneedles,
• wherein each of the plurality of electrically insulative barriers electrically isolates a respective microneedle from the substrate.

A biosensor, comprising:

• a substrate comprising an electrically conducting material;
• a microneedle within and extending from the substrate;
• an electrical contact on a penetrating end of the microneedle;
• and
• a barrier surrounding the microneedle within the substrate and along a length of the microneedle extending from the substrate, wherein the barrier electrically isolates the microneedle from the substrate.