Non-covalent modification of graphene-based chemical sensors

A method of modifying a surface of graphene, the method comprising:

• forming a self-assembled monolayer disposed on an outer surface of a graphene layer through non-covalent interactions between the self-assembled monolayer and a x-electron system of graphene;
• the self-assembled monolayer comprising one or more pillarenes or substituted pillarenes;
• and
• quantifying an extent of surface coverage of the self-assembled monolayer using contact angle goniometry, Raman spectroscopy, or X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

A method for detecting an analyte comprising:

• collecting a gaseous sample;
• contacting the gaseous sample with one or more graphene components, each of the one or more graphene components comprising:
• a graphene layer;
• a self-assembled monolayer disposed on an outer surface of the graphene layer through non-covalent interactions between the self-assembled monolayer and a π-electron system of graphene;
• and
• wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of pillarenes or substituted pillarenes.

A medical device comprising:

• a graphene component comprising:
• a graphene layer;
• a self-assembled monolayer disposed on an outer surface of the graphene layer through non-covalent interactions between the self-assembled monolayer and a-electron system of graphene;
• and
• wherein the self-assembled monolayer provides a Langmuir theta value of at least 0.9;
• and
• wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises substituted peralkylated cyclodextrins comprising:
• wherein each Z can independently comprise:
• —S or —O;
• and
• wherein each R1 can independently comprise:
• —H;
• —OH;
• any linear, branched, or cyclic C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkenyl, C1-C20 alkynyl, C1-C20 heteroalkyl, C1-C20 heteroalkenyl, C1-C20 heteroalkynyl, C1-C20 haloalkyl groups, C1-C20 haloalkenyl groups, C1-C20 haloalkynyl groups, C1-C20 halogenated heteroalkyl groups, C1-C20 halogenated heteroalkenyl groups, C1-C20 halogenated heteroalkynyl groups, or any combinations thereof;
• an aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl aryl, halogenated aryl, substituted halogenated aryl, a benzyl or a substituted benzyl, a biphenyl or substituted biphenyl, an aryloxy, arylthio, arylamine, or any substitutions thereof;
• —R2OH, —R2C(O)OH, —R2C(O)OR2, —R2OR2, —R2SR2, —R2CHO, —R2X wherein X is a halogen atom, —R2C(O)NH2, —R2C(O)NR2, —R2NH3+, —R2NH2, —R2NO2, —R2NHR2, —R2NR2R2, —R2N3, —R2OPO(OH)2, —R2OSO(OH)2, or any derivatives or combinations thereof;
• wherein each R2 can independently comprise any identical or different, linear, branched, or cyclic C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkenyl, C1-C20 alkynyl, C1-C20 heteroalkyl, C1-C20 heteroalkenyl, C1-C20 heteroalkynyl, C1-C20 haloalkyl groups, C1-C20 haloalkenyl groups, C1-C20 haloalkynyl groups, C1-C20 halogenated heteroalkyl groups, C1-C20 halogenated heteroalkenyl groups, C1-C20 halogenated heteroalkynyl groups, or any substitutions or combinations thereof;
• and
• n is an integer from at least 5 to 10.