# US 12,601,677 B2 · Color impedance method and modeling for in-situ surface-sensitive measurements on electrode materials

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- Number: US 12,601,677 B2
- Document ID: US12601677B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 18/222,561
- Filed: 2023-07-17
- Published: 2024-02-08
- Granted: 2026-04-14
- Earliest claimed: 2022-07-18
- Assignees: The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
- Applicants: The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
- Inventors: Yu-Lun Liang; William C. Chueh
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12601677B2

## CPC

- G01N 21/31: Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry {(G01N21/72 takes precedence)}
- G01N 21/1717: {with a modulation of one or more physical properties of the sample during the optical investigation, e.g. electro-reflectance}
- G01N 27/026: {Dielectric impedance spectroscopy (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for measuring corrosion G01N17/02)}
- G01N 2021/1721: {Electromodulation}
- G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q)

## Abstract

Electrochemical reactivity is driven by the composition and structure of electrode surfaces. Monitoring surface chemistry in operando is thus crucial to understanding the behavior of electrodes yet is often inaccessible either due to resource limitations or to technical challenges in replicating realistic reaction environments. The invention presents a color impedance spectroscopy (CIS)-based technique to access operando surface measurements for mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs). The CIS technique tunes the depth of charge carriers' movement within an electrode material by modulating the frequency of an applied AC electrochemical signal and monitors these changes spectroscopically. The results enable surface sensitivity in conventional bulk spectroscopies and provide new opportunities to characterize the operational behavior of MIEC electrodes.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method of performing surface selective optical characterization, the method comprising:
(a) performing color impedance spectroscopy (CIS) on a sample over an input electrical frequency range to provide a CIS spectrum;
(b) performing data analysis of the CIS spectrum to distinguish a surface CIS contribution to the CIS spectrum from a bulk CIS contribution to the CIS spectrum; and
(c) outputting the surface CIS contribution as a surface characterization result of the sample.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method set forth in claim 1, further comprising performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to provide auxiliary information for the data analysis.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method set forth in claim 1, wherein the sample is a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal phosphate, a metal cyanide, a carbon-based polymer, or a mixture thereof.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method set forth in claim 1, wherein the input electrical frequency range is 0.001 Hz to 1 MHz.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method set forth in claim 1, wherein the data analysis comprises (i) calculating an ionic and an electronic concentration change with respect to a distance from a surface of the sample, (ii) calculating and analyzing an electrical response from the sample under an applied alternating electrical signal, (iii) assigning spectroscopic properties of a material with respect to a distance from the surface, (iv) calculating and analyzing a spectroscopic response from the samples under the applied alternating electrical signal, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method set forth in claim 1, wherein the auxiliary information comprises a thickness of the sample, a dielectric constant of the sample, kinetics of an electron transport in the sample, kinetics of an ionic transport in the sample, an electronic capacitance of the sample, an ionic capacitance of the sample, an electronic reaction resistance at a sample-current collector interface, the electronic reaction resistance at a sample-electrolyte interface, an ionic reaction(s) resistance at the sample-electrolyte interface, and a sample-electrolyte interface charge capacitance.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method set forth in claim 1, wherein the optical characterization is performed by an optical source originating from an X-ray, an ultraviolet source, a visible light source, an infrared light source, or a mixture thereof.