# US 12,594,602 B2 · Systems and methods for simulating process monitoring > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,594,602 B2 - Document ID: US12594602B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/911,028 - Filed: 2021-03-08 - Published: 2023-05-11 - Granted: 2026-04-07 - Earliest claimed: 2020-04-01 - Assignees: Nikon SLM Solutions AG - Applicants: Nikon SLM Solutions AG - Inventors: Daniel Alberts - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12594602B2 ## CPC - B22F 10/85: for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes - G05B 19/4099: Surface or curve machining, making three-dimensional [3D] objects, e.g. desktop manufacturing - B22F 10/28: Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM] - B22F 10/366: Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy - B22F 10/368: Temperature or temperature gradient, e.g. temperature of the melt pool - B22F 10/38: to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures - B22F 12/90: Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors - B33Y 30/00: Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor - G05B 17/02: electric - G06F 30/20: Design optimisation, verification or simulation (optimisation, verification or simulation of circuit designs G06F30/30) - G06N 3/084: Backpropagation, e.g. using gradient descent - B33Y 10/00: Processes of additive manufacturing - B33Y 50/02: for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes - G06F 2113/10: Additive manufacturing, e.g. three-dimensional [3D] printing - G06F 2119/18: Manufacturability analysis or optimisation for manufacturability - Y02P 10/25: Process efficiency - Y02P 90/02: Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] - B22F: WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER (making alloys by powder metallurgy C22C); APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER - G05B: CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS (systems for controlling or regulating non-electric variables G05D; systems for regulating electric or magnetic variables G05F; control devices or systems insofar as characterised by mechanical features only G05G) - B33Y: ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING - G06F: ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING (computer systems based on specific computational models G06N) - G06N: COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS - Y02P: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS ## Abstract We describe a system for simulating process monitoring by a sensor system in an additive layer manufacturing, in particular selective laser melting, process used to solidify material from which a three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced, wherein the system comprises: a data input coupleable to a data output of the sensor system and configured to receive, from the sensor system, sensor data relating to the process monitored by the sensor system, wherein the data input is further configured to receive one or more input parameters (i) relating to the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (ii) associated with an additive layer manufacturing apparatus used for the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (iii) associated with the process monitoring and/or the sensor system; and a processing unit coupled to the data input and configured to generate, from the sensor data and the one or more input parameters, a model for simulating said process monitoring. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A system for simulating process monitoring by a sensor system in an additive layer manufacturing, selective laser melting, process used to solidify material from which a three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced, wherein the system comprises: a data input couplable to a data output of the sensor system and configured to receive, from the sensor system, sensor data relating to the process monitored by the sensor system, wherein the data input is further configured to receive one or more input parameters (i) relating to the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (ii) associated with an additive layer manufacturing apparatus used for the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (iii) associated with the process monitoring and/or the sensor system, wherein the one or more input parameters relate to or are calculated based on a ratio between non-solidified material and solidified material in the detection range of the sensor system; and a processing unit coupled to the data input and configured to generate, from the sensor data and the one or more input parameters, a model for simulating said process monitoring. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio between non-solidified material and solidified material in the detection range comprises a ratio between non-solidified material and solidified material in the detection range in a predefined number of material layers. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system is configured to calculate the one or more input parameters as a function of time. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system is configured to calculate the one or more input parameters for a defined material layer based on one or more output parameters output based on a said simulation for one or more material layers lying below the defined material layer. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) A system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the system is configured to calculate the one or more input parameters for (i) a first plurality of material layers based on one or more output parameters output based on a said simulation for a second plurality of materials layers lying below the first plurality of material layers, and/or (ii) a said material layer or plurality of material layers based on one or more parameters indicating when one or more lower-lying layers were or have been irradiated, wherein the one or more parameters indicating when the one or more lower-lying layers were or have been irradiated are location-dependent parameters. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system is configured to simulate sensor data which is output by the sensor system based on the model and the one or more input parameters, wherein the sensor data which is output by the sensor system comprises (i) the sensor data used to generate, by the processing unit, the model, and/or (ii) sensor data which is output by the sensor system after the model has been generated. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) A system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the system is configured to: compare the sensor data which is output by the sensor system with the simulated sensor data; and detect an anomaly and/or process error during the additive layer manufacturing process based on said comparison, wherein the system is configured to perform said comparison in-situ during the additive layer manufacturing process, and wherein the system is configured to provide, based on said comparison, a signal to the additive layer manufacturing apparatus to adapt the current additive layer manufacturing process. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system is configured to (i) generate a database comprising the generated model for subsequent use in a said simulation, and/or (ii) adapt, based on the simulation model, a process parameter for the additive layer manufacturing process and/or a geometry of the three-dimensional workpiece produced using the additive layer manufacturing process. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) A computer program product comprising program code portions for simulating, using the model generated using the system of claim 1, process monitoring by a sensor system in an additive layer manufacturing process, wherein the computer program product is stored on a computer-readable recording medium. ### Claim 10 A system for simulating process monitoring by a sensor system in an additive layer manufacturing, selective laser melting, process used to solidify material from which a three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced, wherein the system comprises: a data input couplable to a data output of the sensor system and configured to receive, from the sensor system, sensor data relating to the process monitored by the sensor system, wherein the data input is further configured to receive one or more input parameters (i) relating to the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (ii) associated with an additive layer manufacturing apparatus used for the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (iii) associated with the process monitoring and/or the sensor system; and a processing unit coupled to the data input and configured to generate, from the sensor data and the one or more input parameters, a model for simulating said process monitoring, wherein the process monitoring comprises a monitoring of a melt pool, the sensor system comprises a melt pool monitoring system and the model for simulating said process monitoring comprises a model for simulating said monitoring of the melt pool, and wherein the sensor data relating to the melt pool monitored by the melt pool monitoring system comprises sensor data associated with one or more of: a property of the melt pool; radiation originating from the melt pool comprising thermal radiation originating from the melt pool; radiation originating from solidified material; a property of a plasma stemming from the additive layer manufacturing process used to generate the melt pool, the plasma originating from material evaporated from the melt pool; radiation originating from the plasma comprising thermal radiation originating from the plasma; and radiation reflected and/or diffracted from the melt pool and/or the plasma comprising laser radiation stemming from a laser used to generate the melt pool. ### Claim 11 A system for simulating process monitoring by a sensor system in an additive layer manufacturing, selective laser melting, process used to solidify material from which a three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced, wherein the system comprises: a data input couplable to a data output of the sensor system and configured to receive, from the sensor system, sensor data relating to the process monitored by the sensor system, wherein the data input is further configured to receive one or more input parameters (i) relating to the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (ii) associated with an additive layer manufacturing apparatus used for the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (iii) associated with the process monitoring and/or the sensor system; and a processing unit coupled to the data input and configured to generate, from the sensor data and the one or more input parameters, a model for simulating said process monitoring, wherein the one or more input parameters relate to or are calculated based on a distribution and/or an arrangement of areas and/or volumes of non-solidified material and solidified material relative to each other in a detection range of the sensor system. ### Claim 12 A system for simulating process monitoring by a sensor system in an additive layer manufacturing, selective laser melting, process used to solidify material from which a three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced, wherein the system comprises: a data input couplable to a data output of the sensor system and configured to receive, from the sensor system, sensor data relating to the process monitored by the sensor system, wherein the data input is further configured to receive one or more input parameters (i) relating to the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (ii) associated with an additive layer manufacturing apparatus used for the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (iii) associated with the process monitoring and/or the sensor system; and a processing unit coupled to the data input and configured to generate, from the sensor data and the one or more input parameters, a model for simulating said process monitoring, wherein the one or more input parameters comprise (i) one or more parameters defining a location of solidified or non-solidified material within the detection range of the sensor system, and/or (ii) one or more of a thermal conductivity, a radiation property and a temperature of the non-solidified material and the solidified material, respectively, in the detection range of the sensor system. ### Claim 13 A system for simulating process monitoring by a sensor system in an additive layer manufacturing, selective laser melting, process used to solidify material from which a three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced, wherein the system comprises: a data input couplable to a data output of the sensor system and configured to receive, from the sensor system, sensor data relating to the process monitored by the sensor system, wherein the data input is further configured to receive one or more input parameters (i) relating to the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (ii) associated with an additive layer manufacturing apparatus used for the additive layer manufacturing process and/or (iii) associated with the process monitoring and/or the sensor system; and a processing unit coupled to the data input and configured to generate, from the sensor data and the one or more input parameters, a model for simulating said process monitoring, wherein the one or more input parameters comprise or relate to one or more of: a radiation beam power; a scan speed of a radiation beam used in the additive layer manufacturing process; a hatch distance used in the additive layer manufacturing process; a material layer thickness of the material; a radiation beam diameter; a heat dissipation during the additive layer manufacturing process; a physical property of the material to be solidified; an optical surface and/or a scanning unit and/or a laser and/or a layer depositing unit of the additive layer manufacturing apparatus and/or a gas flow and/or a temperature distribution within the additive layer manufacturing apparatus; and a scan strategy used in the additive layer manufacturing process comprising a position of the radiation beam on a layer of the material and/or a deflection angle of the radiation beam and/or a vector angle and/or vector length of a vector for scanning the radiation beam across the material layer and/or a scanning direction for scanning the radiation beam across the material layer with respect to a gas flow direction. ### Claim 14 A method for determining a parameter influencing an additive layer manufacturing process used to solidify material from which a three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced, the method comprising: determining an area and/or a volume of one or more material layers; determining, for a specific point in time, which part or parts of the area and/or volume of the one or more material layers have already been solidified; and determining the parameter influencing an additive layer manufacturing process in dependence of the part or parts of the area and/or volume of the one or more material layers determined to already have been solidified. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the parameter is determined based on (i) a first ratio, for the specific point in time, between solidified and non-solidified material in the area and/or in the volume, and/or (ii) a second ratio, for the specific point in time, between solidified material and material to be solidified in the area and/or in the volume in order to produce the three-dimensional workpiece. ### Claim 16 (depends on 14) A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the parameter is determined based on a location of previously solidified material in the area and/or in the volume. ### Claim 17 (depends on 14) A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the area and/or volume is larger than an area and/or volume, respectively, in which the three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced using the additive layer manufacturing process. ### Claim 18 (depends on 14) A method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising feeding the parameter into a model for simulating process monitoring comprising monitoring of a melt pool, by a sensor system comprising a melt pool monitoring system, in the additive layer manufacturing process used to solidify material from which the three-dimensional workpiece is to be produced. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) A method as claimed in claim 18, further comprising determining a reference parameter using the determined parameter and an input parameter, wherein the input parameter comprises one or more of: a parameter relating to an environment of an apparatus used for the additive layer manufacturing process, a parameter relating to a physical property of the material to be solidified, a parameter relating to the process monitoring, a parameter relating to the apparatus used for the additive layer manufacturing process, and a parameter relating to the additive layer manufacturing process; and wherein the method further comprises interpreting a sensor signal output by the sensor system using the reference parameter.