# US 12,593,994 B2 · Blood pressure sensors > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,593,994 B2 - Document ID: US12593994B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 18/633,386 - Filed: 2024-04-11 - Published: 2024-08-01 - Granted: 2026-04-07 - Earliest claimed: 2016-03-07 - Assignees: Fitbit, Inc. - Applicants: Fitbit, Inc. - Inventors: Shelten Gee Jao Yuen - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12593994B2 ## CPC - A61B 5/02116: {of pulse wave amplitude (A61B5/02225 takes precedence)} - A61B 5/02125: {of pulse wave propagation time} - A61B 5/022: by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers - A61B 5/0261: {using optical means, e.g. infrared light} - A61B 5/0295: using plethysmography, i.e. measuring the variations in the volume of a body part as modified by the circulation of blood therethrough, e.g. impedance plethysmography - A61B 5/1102: {Ballistocardiography} - A61B 5/256: Wearable electrodes, e.g. having straps or bands - A61B 5/28: for electrocardiography [ECG] - A61B 5/681: {Wristwatch-type devices} - A61B 5/684: {Indicating the position of the sensor on the body} - A61B 5/7264: {Classification of physiological signals or data, e.g. using neural networks, statistical classifiers, expert systems or fuzzy systems} - A61B 5/7278: {Artificial waveform generation or derivation, e.g. synthesizing signals from measured signals} - A61B 5/7475: {User input or interface means, e.g. keyboard, pointing device, joystick} - A61B 8/04: Measuring blood pressure - A61B 2090/065: {for measuring contact or contact pressure} - A61B 2560/0223: of calibration, e.g. protocols for calibrating sensors - G16H 50/20: for computer-aided diagnosis, e.g. based on medical expert systems - A61B: DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION (usefulness limited to only animals A61D) - G16H: HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA ## Abstract A wearable device is wearable on an appendage of a user and includes a force-sensitive display screen to generate force data when a force is applied to the force-sensitive display screen, a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor, and one or more processors. The PPG sensor is positioned below an external surface of the force-sensitive display screen and generates PPG sensor data when the force is applied to the force-sensitive display screen. The one or more processors are configured to: determine, from the PPG sensor data and the force data, a variation of PPG blood volume pulse amplitude with a variation in pressure applied to the appendage, and calculate an estimate of blood pressure of the appendage from the variation of PPG blood volume pulse amplitude with the variation in the pressure applied to the appendage. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A wearable device wearable on an appendage of a user, comprising: a force-sensitive display screen configured to generate force data when a force is applied to the force-sensitive display screen; a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor, positioned below an external surface of the force-sensitive display screen, the PPG sensor being configured to generate PPG sensor data when the force is applied to the force-sensitive display screen, the PPG sensor data representing blood volume pulses of variable amplitude at the appendage caused by the force being applied to the force-sensitive display screen; and one or more processors configured to: determine, from the PPG sensor data and the force data, a variation of PPG blood volume pulse amplitude with a variation in pressure applied to the appendage, and calculate an estimate of blood pressure of the appendage from the variation of PPG blood volume pulse amplitude with the variation in the pressure applied to the appendage, by determining a diastolic pressure and a systolic pressure, the diastolic pressure being determined based on a first ratio of a first PPG blood volume pulse amplitude from the PPG sensor data to a peak PPG blood volume pulse amplitude from the PPG sensor data, and the systolic pressure being determined based on a second ratio of a second PPG blood volume pulse amplitude from the PPG sensor data to the peak PPG blood volume pulse amplitude. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the PPG sensor is housed in a body disposed below the force-sensitive display screen, the body being in direct contact with the appendage when the wearable device is worn on the appendage of the user. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to generate one or more sensor data samples, each of the one or more sensor data samples comprising data that links the force data generated when the force is applied to the force-sensitive display screen at a given time with the PPG sensor data obtained from at least one light detector of the PPG sensor at the given time. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the force-sensitive display screen comprises a piezo resistive force-sensitive display screen. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the appendage comprises a wrist, an ankle, a finger, a toe, a torso, a neck, an upper arm, or a waist. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the PPG sensor includes at least one light emitter configured to emit light outside a visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The wearable device of claim 6, wherein the at least one light emitter is an infrared light emitter. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to control the force-sensitive display screen to depict a marking of an area of the force-sensitive display screen to which the force is to be applied. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the force-sensitive display screen comprises a greater density of pixels in a central portion of the force-sensitive display screen than in a peripheral portion of the force-sensitive display screen, and the central portion of the force-sensitive display screen is a location where the force is to be applied to the force-sensitive display screen to cause the force data to be generated. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to use the force data and an area of an object applying the force to the force-sensitive display screen to derive pressure applied by the object applying the force to the force-sensitive display screen. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the blood volume pulses of variable amplitude are generated by at least one of a capillary bed proximate to the appendage or an artery proximate to the appendage. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors and/or the force-sensitive display screen are configured to determine pressure produced when the force is applied to the force-sensitive display screen. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors and/or the force-sensitive display screen are configured to: determine an area occupied by pixels of the force-sensitive display screen which detect the force applied to the force-sensitive display screen and cause the PPG sensor to generate the PPG sensor data; and determine pressure by using the force data from the force-sensitive display screen together with the area occupied by the pixels of the force-sensitive display screen. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors and/or the force-sensitive display screen are configured to dynamically oversample an area of the force-sensitive display screen detected to be in contact with an object applying the force to the force-sensitive display screen. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors and/or the force-sensitive display screen are configured to determine pressure produced when the force is applied to the force-sensitive display screen and causes the PPG sensor to generate the PPG sensor data, and the one or more processors and/or the force-sensitive display screen are configured to determine the pressure using the force data, and an area of a capture structure disposed on the wearable device against which the force is applied to the force-sensitive display screen. ### Claim 16 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to control the force-sensitive display screen to present instructions to apply a force to a location on the wearable device. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to convert the force data to pressure values based on a variable area of an object applying the force to the force-sensitive display screen, to determine the variation in pressure applied to the appendage, and the one or more processors and/or the force-sensitive display screen are configured to dynamically determine the variable area of the object applying the force to the force-sensitive display screen by determining an area of pixels which occupy a part of the force-sensitive display screen and which detect a force caused when the object applies the force to the force-sensitive display screen. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the first ratio is greater than the second ratio. ### Claim 19 A biometric device, comprising: a force sensor configured to generate force data when a force is applied to the force sensor; a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor, positioned below an external surface of the force sensor, the PPG sensor being configured to generate PPG sensor data when the force is applied to the force sensor, the PPG sensor data representing blood volume pulses of variable amplitude at a body part of a user caused by the force being applied to the force sensor when the biometric device is worn by the user; and one or more processors configured to: determine, from the PPG sensor data and the force data, a variation of PPG blood volume pulse amplitude with a variation in pressure applied to the body part, and calculate an estimate of blood pressure of the body part from the variation of PPG blood volume pulse amplitude with the variation in the pressure applied to the body part, by determining a diastolic pressure and a systolic pressure, the diastolic pressure being determined based on a first ratio of a first PPG blood volume pulse amplitude from the PPG sensor data to a peak PPG blood volume pulse amplitude from the PPG sensor data, and the systolic pressure being determined based on a second ratio of a second PPG blood volume pulse amplitude from the PPG sensor data to the peak PPG blood volume pulse amplitude. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The biometric device of claim 19, wherein the first ratio is greater than the second ratio.