Porous liquid, self-replenishing porous liquid and methods of making and using the same

A system comprising:

• a high surface area solid partially covered by a liquid film, wherein the high surface area solid has a surface area greater than 0.001 m2/g and comprises solid features with an average dimension of about 0.1 μm to about 1000 μm located about 0.1 μm to about 500 μm apart, wherein the liquid film covers at least 30% of the surface area of the high surface area solid, wherein the high surface area solid comprises at least one of a rough surface, a textured surface, or any combination thereof, wherein the liquid film is maintained in contact with the high surface area solid by capillary forces, wherein the solid features with the average dimension refer to length, thickness, depth, height, or any combination thereof of rod-shaped objects;
• a working fluid immiscible with the liquid film;
• a liquid/fluid interface wherein the working fluid interacts with the liquid film;
• a reservoir configured to contain liquid, wherein the reservoir comprises at least one inlet and at least one opening that allows the liquid to flow from the reservoir to the solid features to maintain the liquid film;
• and
• wherein the system has a performance index of greater than 150 m−1, wherein the performance index (PD) is defined as PI=(Vl/V)(Al/V), wherein V is the system volume defined as the geometric volume of the structure based only on the dimensions of the external surfaces, Vl and Al are the volume and surface area of an impregnated liquid, respectively, wherein the impregnated liquid refers to a liquid infused surface and a liquid encapsulated solid.

A system comprising:

• a high surface area solid partially covered by a liquid film,
• wherein the high surface area solid has a surface area greater than 0.001 m2/g and comprises solid features with an average dimension of about 0.1 μm to about 100 μm located about 0.1 μm to about 500 μm apart, wherein the surface features have a height of about 1 μm to about 200 μm,
• wherein the surface area of the solid per volume of the high surface area solid is greater than 180 m−1,
• wherein the liquid film covers at least 30% of the surface area of the high surface area solid, wherein the high surface area solid comprises at least one of a rough surface, a textured surface, or any combination thereof,
• wherein the liquid film is maintained in contact with the high surface area solid by capillary forces, wherein the solid features with the average dimension refer to length, thickness, depth, height, or any combination thereof of rod-shaped objects;
• wherein the liquid film has a thickness from the bottom of the solid features to the top surface of the liquid film of about 10 μm to about 1000 μm,
• wherein the solid features are chemically functionalized to hold on the liquid film, and
• wherein the system has a performance index of greater than 150 m−1, wherein the performance index (PI) is defined as PI=(Vl/V)(Al/V), wherein V is the system volume defined as the geometric volume of the structure based only on the dimensions of the external surfaces, VI and Al are the volume and surface area of an impregnated liquid, respectively, wherein the impregnated liquid refers to a liquid infused surface and a liquid encapsulated solid;
• a working fluid immiscible with the liquid film;
• a liquid/fluid interface wherein the working fluid interacts with the liquid film;
• and
• a reservoir configured to contain liquid, wherein the reservoir comprises at least one inlet and at least one opening that allows the liquid to flow from the reservoir to the solid features to maintain the liquid film.