Solar cell, tandem solar cell, and photovoltaic module

A tandem solar cell, comprising:

• a bottom cell, wherein the bottom cell includes:
• a substrate having a first surface, wherein the first surface includes electrode regions and non-electrode regions that are alternatingly arranged along a first direction;
• a doped conductive layer formed over the first surface of the substrate, the doped conductive layer including first conductive portions and at least one second conductive portion, each first conductive portion of the first conductive portions being formed over a respective electrode region of the electrode regions, each respective second conductive portion of the at least one second conductive portion being formed over a part of a non-electrode region of the non-electrode regions;
• and
• a dielectric layer between the first surface and the doped conductive layer;
• and
• a top cell, located on a side of the doped conductive layer in the bottom cell away from the substrate,
• wherein the first surface includes a first area aligned with the doped conductive layer and at least one second area not aligned with the doped conductive layer, the first area has a first surface structure including a plurality of first pyramid structures, and each of the at least one second area has a second surface structure including a plurality of platform structures.