Lead acid electrochemical cells with pumped electrolytes and methods of making and using the same

A method, comprising:

• providing an electrochemical cell comprising:
• a housing,
• a negative active material disposed within a first electrode chamber of the housing, the negative active material comprising lead and/or lead sulfate,
• a positive active material disposed within a second electrode chamber of the housing, the positive active material comprising lead, lead sulfate, lead oxide, and/or lead dioxide, and
• a separator disposed between the first electrode chamber and the second electrode chamber;
• pumping a first charge electrolyte from a first reservoir at a first charge flow rate during an electrochemical charge process of a cell cycle of the electrochemical cell through the first electrode chamber so that the first charge electrolyte contacts the negative active material;
• pumping a second charge electrolyte during the electrochemical charge process of the cell cycle of the electrochemical cell through the second electrode chamber so that the second charge electrolyte contacts the positive active material;
• pumping a first discharge electrolyte from a second reservoir at a first discharge flow rate during an electrochemical discharge process of the cell cycle of the electrochemical cell through the first electrode chamber so that the first discharge electrolyte contacts the negative active material;
• and
• pumping a second discharge electrolyte during the electrochemical discharge process of the cell cycle of the electrochemical cell through the second electrode chamber so that the second discharge electrolyte contacts the positive active material;
• wherein the first charge electrolyte in the first reservoir has a first concentration, the first discharge electrolyte in the second reservoir has a second concentration and the first concentration is different from the second concentration;
• wherein the second charge electrolyte has a third concentration different from the first concentration;
• and
• wherein the second discharge electrolyte has a fourth concentration different from the second concentration.