Mitochondria-targeted isoketal/isolevuglandin scavengers and uses thereof

A method of treating or ameliorating sepsis in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the following formula:

• wherein:
• X is a bond, alkyl, alkoxy, —O—, or —CH2—;
• each R is independent and chosen from C1 to C12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;
• and
• A is
• each R1 is independent and chosen from C1 to C12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;
• and an optional counterion;
• and stereoisomers and pharmaceutical salts thereof.