Perovskite optoelectronic devices and method for manufacturing the same

A solar cell comprising:

• a positive electrode;
• a negative electrode;
• at least one hole extraction layer is positioned between the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
• and
• at least one photoactive layer comprising perovskite nanoparticles between the positive electrode and the negative electrode,
• wherein the perovskite nanoparticles include perovskite nanocrystals in a form of particle and a plurality of ligands or surfactants surrounding the perovskite nanocrystals,
• wherein the perovskite nanocrystals do not comprise a chromophore, and
• wherein a light emission wavelength of the perovskite nanocrystals is not affected by a quantum size effect unlike quantum dots, of which light emission is caused by a quantum size effect,
• wherein the perovskite nanocrystals include a structure of A2BX4, ABX4, ABX3 or An−1BnX3n+1 (where n is an integer ranging from 2 to 6),
• wherein A is at least one organic ammonium material, B is at least one metal material, and X is at least one halogen element,
• wherein B is at least one selected from the group consisting of a divalent transition metal, a rare earth metal, an alkaline earth metal, Pb, Sn, Ge, Ga, In, Al, Sb, Bi, and Po, and
• wherein X is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.