Time-to-digital converter-based device

A hardware device comprising:

• a time-to-digital converter (TDC)-based device, including:
• a crossbar array for generating a current;
• a current-controlled delay line for converting the current received from the crossbar array into a time pulse;
• and
• a TDC circuit for measuring and converting the time pulse into digital output,
• wherein the TDC circuit comprises a plurality of sensing circuits,
• wherein each said sensing circuit is configured to control a pair of columns of the crossbar array,
• wherein each said sensing circuit contains a current subtraction unit along with the current-controlled delay line for column differential to increase sensing margin,
• wherein the current subtraction unit is gated and allowed when a start signal is triggered, and
• wherein the propagation of the start signal across the current-controlled delay line is non-linearly related to the current subtracted by the current subtraction unit, and
• a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for controlling the TDC circuit of the TDC-based device.