Noninvasive detection of cancer originating in tissue outside the lung using exhaled breath

A non-invasive method of screening for a cancer disease state in a subject specimen wherein a primary cancer originates in a tissue outside of the lung and has not metastasized to the lung, the method comprising the steps of:

• concentrating a plurality of carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained in exhaled breath obtained from the subject specimen, wherein the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs is selected from the group consisting of 2-butanone, 2-hydroxyacetaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-hydroxyhexenal, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2-pentanone, and pentanal which form adducts with a reactive chemical compound;
• forming adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs with a reactive chemical compound;
• quantifying the adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs to establish a subject value for each member of the adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs;
• and
• comparing the subject value for each member of the adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs to a threshold healthy specimen value for each member of the adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs to determine the presence of one or more carbonyl containing VOCs at quantities greater than its respective threshold healthy specimen value thereby indicating a substantial likelihood of the cancer disease state in the subject specimen.

A non-invasive method of detecting a cancer disease state in a subject specimen, the method comprising the steps of:

• obtaining exhaled breath from the subject specimen, wherein the exhaled breath includes a plurality of carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs);
• forming adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs with a chemical compound;
• quantifying each of the adducts of each of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs to establish a subject value for each of the adducts;
• and
• comparing each subject value to a threshold healthy specimen value for each of the adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs, the threshold healthy specimen value corresponding to a value calculated from healthy specimens, in order to determine the presence of one or more subject values at quantities greater than their respective threshold healthy specimen values, thereby indicating a substantial likelihood of a cancer disease state in the subject specimen;
• wherein the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs includes 2-pentanone or pentanal, and includes at least one additional VOC.

A non-invasive method of detecting a disease state in a subject specimen, the method comprising the steps of:

• obtaining exhaled breath from the subject specimen, wherein the exhaled breath includes a plurality of carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs);
• forming adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs with a reactive chemical compound;
• quantifying each of the adducts of each of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs to establish a subject value for each of the adducts;
• and
• comparing each subject value to a threshold healthy specimen value for each of the adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs, the threshold healthy specimen value corresponding to a value calculated from healthy specimens, in order to determine the presence of one or more subject values at quantities greater than their respective threshold healthy specimen values, thereby indicating a substantial likelihood of a disease state in the subject specimen;
• wherein the reactive chemical compound has a general formula (III)
• wherein L is a linking group and wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyls, aralkyls, aralkenyls, and aralkynyls, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted, or wherein R1 and R2 in combination form a heterocyclic ring.

A non-invasive method of detecting a disease state in a subject specimen, the method comprising the steps of:

• obtaining exhaled breath from the subject specimen, wherein the exhaled breath includes a plurality of carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs);
• forming adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs with a reactive chemical compound;
• quantifying each of the adducts of each of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs to establish a subject value for each of the adducts;
• and
• comparing each subject value to a threshold healthy specimen value for each of the adducts of the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs, the threshold healthy specimen value corresponding to a value calculated from healthy specimens, in order to determine the presence of one or more subject values at quantities greater than their respective threshold healthy specimen values, thereby indicating a substantial likelihood of a disease state in the subject specimen;
• wherein the plurality of carbonyl-containing VOCs includes 2-pentanone or pentanal, and includes at least one VOC selected from the group consisting of 2-butanone, 2-hydroxyacetaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal.